Are there any recommendations on a moderately-priced telescope for amateur home use? What can you really see, other than some details on the moon, with such a telescope?

You could see Jupiter's moons, Saturn's rings and many more stars than you can see with the naked eye.

P.S. I've never heard of a "clothed" eye.

P.P.S. Sorry I don't know of any specific brands to suggest, but ASTRONOMY magazine frequently has articles that answer your question. Maybe you could check at the library.

Here is an online telescope selection guide. It isn't run by salespeople so there's no unfair bias as far as I can tell.

First, I suggest you read "The light hearted astronomer". I don't remember the authors name. If you still want one, there are allot of very good telescopes collecting dust in closets.

P.S. Thank you Minnesota for the spell checker.

If you get a good pair of binoculars to start off with, you can study the moon and its mountains and valleys, the planets as far as Saturn, and the constellations. Binoculars are easier to use than a telescope, which has quite a narrow field and is frustrating to use until you learn your way around the sky in a general sort of way.
Then you might want to invest in an inexpensive telescope. You can build your own - there are plans for building a backyard telescope on the net. It's no biggie - the housing is cardboard tubing (strong, sturdy, and cheap).
Then if you become fascinated with the subject, you can get a really good one.