Diamond Enthusiast
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White pine is the fastest grower - they tend to grow rather well every where. They have a medium length needle, and have been used as Christmas trees. They reach 6-7 feet of height in 7 years from seedling.
Cedar would be the second fastest. Some of these include the 'blue' varieties which are a powdery/bluish color and are in the familiar cone shape (Christmas tree). They are trim-able into a wide variety of shapes. The needles are short, and can be painful when they dry out.
Also Italian Cedars, the very tall growers, do well in all kinds of climates. They have a broad short needle, very small cones, and shed year round. however, they do not need as much room as other kinds of Pines, the largest ones we have are about 6 feet in diameter. This year we cut them in half (about 15 feet tall) this promotes thicker growth and makes them a bit more manageable.
Spruces take a while, they are slow growers, however they too are very hardy, and they have that bluish tint to their needles. They can grow to be huge, needing a lot of space. We have some 30 some odd year old ones which were brought down from the mountains. We lost one last year due to the Tree Man accidentally dropping an oak on it. We discovered that Spruces have very shallow root systems.
Buna-Buna - or monkey puzzle trees have been known to grow rather fast, they grow large and will die in heavy frost. They also have widow-maker pine cones which sit atop the limb, not like regular pines which have their cones beneath the limb. one nearly went all the way through the roof one year. These trees grow tall, but are not broad.
Bonanza Pines grow at a moderate rate, they are characterized by their very long needles(leaves). They grow rather tall and broad. The lowest limb can be 15 to 20 feet off the ground. They have very large 'bomb' cones which can nearly knock you senseless if you are under the tree when they drop.
Different varieties of juniper are hardy in all climates. They can be ground hugging, bush, and even tree size. They are easy to care for, drought resistant, and frost hardy.
All the Above are pine and Fur.
There are also a wide vaiety of broad leaf evergreens, such as privits (which grow fast, tall, and are super hardy, and spread like wild fire around here).
All the Varieties above I have on my property. Here in Northern California we have Frost (normally) from Nov 1 to Feb 1 - light to moderate frosts. Our soil is sand (I have been slowly building it up over the years) and our summers are long and hot. Once established all the trees have done rather well.
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