Most references I found to Seventh Heaven are Islamic in origin.
Quran refers to the creation of seven heavens. Specifically in:
al-Baqarah 2:25,29 at-Talaq 65:12,38 - "Allah it is who hath created seven heavens..."
In the story of the the Miraj (night Journey) Mohammed traveled to the seventh heaven - passing through the other six....In the first heaven Muhammad supposedly met Adam; in the second, John the Baptist and Jesus; in the third, Joseph; in the fourth, Enoch; in the fifth, Aaron; in the sixth, Moses; and in the seventh.
These are just guesses, but they seem likely to me. Many numbers in the Bible have symbolism behind them. If I'm remembering correctly, 7 usually symbolizes completeness. I believe that Dante divided heaven into 9 circles, with the outermost being heaven as we think of it. Perhaps this has something to do with cloud nine. As I said, these are just my speculations.