Holidays in England and Wales fall into three categories: "Common Law" (or "Public") holidays; "Statutory" (or "Bank") holidays; and "Holidays by Royal proclamation".
The "Common Law" holidays are Good Friday and Christmas day.
The "Statutory" (or "Bank") holidays are Easter Monday, the last Monday in May, the last Monday in August, and Boxing Day.
Holidays designated by Royal proclamation are New Year's day (since 1974) and the first Monday in May (since 1978).
It is commonly accepted (though not strictly accurate) English usage to refer to all eight of these days as "Bank holidays".
A Bank Holiday is a public holiday on which banks are legally closed. The country used to more or less shut down with the majority of businesses also closing. Nowadays, while banks and most offices do still close on those days, many shops and other businesses remain open.
England has fewer public holidays than any other country in Europe - and fewer than North America. Even Northern Ireland, part of the UK, has two extra.

Teeceeum - of course the August holiday is in honour of my birthday.
