The Zeeman Effect. /My opinion/.
1.
In the 1894 Zeeman had shown that extraneous
spectral lines appeared when the atoms were placed in a
magnetic field. This phenomena became known as the
" Zeeman effect". The physicists were stumped.
2.
In 1916 Sommrfeld studying this process said that
the splitting depended on some non-sizable
coefficient (а ) that is equal to 1/137. It was called as
“fine structure constant”. Nobody could understand what
sense of this constant in the modern physics,and on
Feynman’s expression , which he said with humour
this quantity is " by the god given damnation to all physicists ".
Sommerfeld found this constant (a) using the formula a=e^2/hc.
We can rewrite this formula as: e^2=hca where:
h=h/2pi - is an impulse (Goudsmit-Uhlenbeck.)
c - is constant speed of light quantum.
a - is coefficient of volume expansion.
Electron, as a ball, has volume, but nobody thought about
this fact. And this volume isn't constant. The electron can
change its volume as all other its parameters. The parameters
of electron were found by experiment. And Sommerfeld
found the lack constant of electron, and full formula
of it is : e^2=hac. Now it is possible to see that there are two
kinds of electron: positive +e= Öħac and negative -e= Öħac
( antielectron- positron). But such formulas and description
of the electron are not given in any textbook.
Similar double state of the electron was formulated by Dirac.
In 1928 he wrote two formulas of the energy of the electron:
positive +E=Mc^2 and negative –E=Mc^2 (antielectron- positron).
The Sommerfeld's and Dirac's formulas say that electron
can be in two states:
a) positive- it has mass, charge, volume, angular momentum.
b) negative – all this parameters change and electron
turns into photon/ light quanta. And if QED says that
electron becomes infinite at interaction with vacuum
(that is forbidden by " The Law of conservation and
transformation of energy") it also means that electron
changes its parameters into light quantum parameters..
3.
Why does Sommerfeld's formula contain constant
parameter c - speed of light quantum ?
First it shows that electron somehow is connected with photon.
Second the formula describes situation when electron
cannot more live under " Zeeman's conditions" and emits
from the atom ( therefore the spectrum of atom changes),
and has possibility to fly with constant speed of photon c=1.
4.
Every electron's jump from a higher energy to lower one
energy is accompanied by the birth of a photon. From where
did photon appear? I think that an electron doesn't hide a
photon under its shirt, but changes into a photon according
to" The Law of conservation and transformation of energy" .
5.
Quotation from the book" ABC's of Quantum mechanics"
V. Rydnik. page 98.
"Now take the electron.
Even if its velocity is close to that of light -10^10 cm/s-
it will have a momentum of only about 10^17 g. cm/s.
The gamma photon used for illumination has a very
short wavelength (say, 6. 10^13 cm) and a momentum
of 10^14, which is thousands of times that of the electron.
So when a photon hits an electron, it is like a railway
train smashing into a baby-carriage." I don't think that an
electron would be glad to meet a photon in such
catastrophic way. I don't think that Feynman’s graphics
give good and clear explanation of behavior between
particles. I don't think that it is possible to create complex
atoms and cells in such interaction.
6.
Many years I keep this article in my library.
At the end of 1983 a scientist- neurophysiologist
Khose M.R. Delgado (Spain) came to Moscow and
made a report there, which was published in a magazine.
Here is its brief contest.
In our laboratory the investigations on the influence of magnetic
fields on the living beings take place. We watched such results.
a) Using magnetic fields we changed the genes of some kind of flies.
b) Magnetic fields divide fish into groups in one aquarium and don't
let them to unite.
c) The chicken's embryo in the magnetic fields was born
with pathology, for example, without eyes.
d) The female monkeys lost their ability to have a child.
e) In the magazine there are two photographs with explanation.
On one of them the monkey is quiet when the magnetic field
is absent. On another one the monkey becomes excited when
the magnetic field is switched on. We can see that the
poor monkey cries from pain and they write ;" it is excited".
7.
And later it was shown that magnetic results produced more
lines. It was called the " Anomalous Zeeman Effect".
W. Pauli in 1924 explained this effect and his
explanation was called " Pauli's Exclusion Principle".
This principle means :" Each quantum state in the atom
is not limited to two electrons, but only one electron".
It means in the atom can be only one, single electron.
The electron manages the atom. If the atom contains more
than one electron (for example – two), this atom represents
“ Siamese twins”. Save us God of having such atoms and cells.
==========.
My conclusion.
1.
In atomic and biological structures equal processes take place.
Electron and monkey both feel pain in the magnetic fields.
The monkey cries from pain and the electron also cries from
pain and changes the normal spectrum of atom running away
from the " Zeeman's conditions". Every living being try to
run away from strong magnetic fields.
2.
The electron/photon/light quanta is one particle in
different states. The electron is not unchanged particle,
the electron is vital particle and its fate is not the same
as billiard ball or satellite.
3.
Maybe somebody will understand why the spectrum of atom
splits on the supplementary spectral lines when the electron
becomes " excited in the Zeeman's conditions" and emits
from the atom as a photon in the " Anomalous Zeeman Effect".
=============================...