If we look at European society in 1492, when Europeans made their first significant contact with Native Americans, both societies were very different.

What aspects of European society versus Native American society do you think caused Europeans to be so much more advanced, technologically, politically, militarily, etc.?

I think the main difference was the attitude towards land and property. The Native Americans believed that land belonged to nobody, and you only took what you wanted and left the land in as good or better condition than you found it.
Unfortunately the Europeans considered land to be something to be owned for their profit and thus eventually took it all over and drove out the Native Americans.

Population density and competition for resources.

... this affects the attitude to acquisition of land and goods (as already suggested). For example, an Indian warrior would be visibly embarassed to recite his victories in war, not so Europeans. An Indian would not consider a piece of land 'his', lots of space for everyone, not so in Europe.

Competition in a more densely populated region of the world mean more wars and stronger military, more rapid scientific advancements to help get control and use the resources effectively, more advanced politics to deal with competition....

I think that another contributing factor is that most native american tribes were largly nomadic. To follow the herds was to up root and move quite frequently, and such constant movement does not leave much idle time for scientific discovery.

While it did make native americans vastly superior hunters and trackers, such items (like libraries) were not involved in their system of living. All knowledge was passed on verbally...if someone forgot something, it was lost until someone "re-discovered" it.

The difference was not intrinsic to race. In central America, where agriculture was practiced and where the Spanish made early contact, the aboriginal people were well on their way to a lifestyle like that in Europe.

Another attribute of European life at the time was storing wealth. Hunter-gatherers don't accumulate wealth unless it's in a highly portable form: jewelery for example. But settled people accumulate art objects, gold ingots, huge buildings, etc., in which they sink and store their wealth. Again, in Central and South America, wealth was being stored that way when the Spanish arrived.

Hunter-gatherers compete with other tribes for hunting territory, but when an area has been depleted of game, they just move on. When they move into another more game-rich territory, they may have to compete again with other groups.

But when people practice agriculture and mining, then they can't move on very easily because they can't bear to give up their stored wealth. So then the battles with competitors come down to this: after the battle(s), one group ends up with the stored wealth (buildings, gold ingots, the reserve of slave workers) and the other group is either enslaved or exterminated. The Europeans were doing this, and so were the Central Americans.

The important technical differences between the Europeans and the Central Americans were (1) navigation and sailing technology (2) metallurgy (the C.A.'s were still using only soft metals, unsuitable for weapons) and (3) the domestication of the horse.

An important factor in the Spanish success was that the C.A.'s thought the Spanish were gods. Only when it was too late did they try to mobilize against them. The Spanish used extorting (capturing the god-king of the C.A.'s, etc.) to intimidate the native people.

And some of the disgruntled native people (who hated their oppressive rulers) joined the Spanish, were used by them, then later cast aside. Other native people, who loved their rulers, obeyed the Spanish to protect their rulers.

There is no doubt that if the C.A.'s had mobilized early they could have exterminated the Spanish invaders.