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The entire problem is tied to just a few things: Lack of health coverage (a shame in such a country as ours) Lack of education (Many of the poor do not realize that there are clinics that will charge nothing or next-to-nothing) Lack of Publc Awareness ( The politicians and general public don't seem to realize that making health care affordable to everyone would cost less than treating the preventable diseases that the poor present at ERs.) It is certainly true that often the poor use the ER as a doctor appointment/visit for non-emergency need, and use ambulances as taxis. Sometimes it is a lack of education (see above) and sometime it is Hobson's Choice, that or nothing. Another factor, a smaller one, and dependent upon location, is citizenship status. Many immigrants, legal and illegal, are reluctant, or even afraid, to use what services are available. Fear of strangers who speak a different language is part of that, but more recently, a fear of deportation is a more real threat. Depending on the health problem, this can manifest itself in a much worse scenario. Communicable diseases coupled with the close quarters immigrants (and the poor) often share will cause a rapid spread of what should have been a preventable condition, one easily treated had it been treated early. The newly-poor, often elderly, sometimes present a similar situation as immigrants. People who once took care of themselves both physically and financially, may now find that their body has betrayed them, and their pension left the country with some CEO. They are now faced with a situation that they never imagined they would be in, and naturally, are afraid, and sometimes ashamed, that they must used what they used to call "the dole." They, like the 'regular' poor, also face another health problem due to poverty - poor nutrition. Mac and cheese goes farther than a can of vegetables, and fresh vegetables are often not found without a bus trip or two, which changes the cost factor. The neighborhood stores and conveience shops charge more in poorer neighborhoods, which adds to the problem. Yes, a bus trip or two takes one to a larger, cheaper market, but one is limited to what one can carry to and from a bus stop, and also onto a bus.
The average, middle class American never thinks about things like this, and doesn't even realize that the poor often face these problems daily.
I realize that I answered none of your questions, but I am hoping that a few people will read my post and start to think about the problem, and how to resolve it.
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